Tolerance standards define acceptable dimensional variation in machined parts. Understanding the right tolerance level for each feature reduces cost without compromising function.
| Dimension Range | Fine (f) | Medium (m) | Coarse (c) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0.5-6 mm | ±0.05 | ±0.10 | ±0.20 |
| 6-30 mm | ±0.10 | ±0.20 | ±0.50 |
| 30-120 mm | ±0.15 | ±0.30 | ±0.80 |
| 120-400 mm | ±0.20 | ±0.50 | ±1.20 |
| 400-1000 mm | ±0.30 | ±0.80 | ±2.00 |
Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing (GD&T) defines the allowable variation in part geometry, not just size. Key symbols include: flatness (─), parallelism (//), perpendicularity (⊥), concentricity, position.
Tighter tolerances increase cost exponentially: ±0.1 mm is baseline; ±0.05 mm adds 15-30%; ±0.02 mm adds 50-100%; ±0.005 mm adds 200-400% depending on feature complexity. Apply tight tolerances only on functional mating surfaces.
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